> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.witnesschain.com/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.witnesschain.com/resources/research.md).

# Research

<table data-view="cards"><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th data-hidden data-card-target data-type="content-ref"></th><th data-hidden data-card-cover data-type="files"></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Proof of Backhaul:</strong> <em>Decentralized speedtests for backhaul</em></td><td><p><a href="https://www.witnesschain.com/assets/Proof_of_Backhaul-f417e09d.pdf"><img src="https://www.witnesschain.com/assets/speed-test-866c8aaa.png" alt=""></a></p><p>Decentralised speed-test which can be used by a “payer” to determine the backhaul capacity of a “prover” with the help of a pool of “challengers” who send the challenge traffic to the prover.</p></td><td></td><td><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.11546">https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.11546</a></td><td><a href="/files/G7aZd1LNeDQQr6JaDNqO">/files/G7aZd1LNeDQQr6JaDNqO</a></td></tr><tr><td><p><strong>Proof of Location:</strong>  </p><p><em>Byzantine fortified trigonometric proof of location protocol using internet delays</em></p></td><td></td><td>Decentralised protocol to verify the geographical locations of IP addresses using Internet delay measurements, enhancing accuracy and Byzantine resistance.</td><td><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.13230">https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.13230</a></td><td><a href="/files/AzXOYz7DYcpsqdhGBEAY">/files/AzXOYz7DYcpsqdhGBEAY</a></td></tr><tr><td><p><strong>Proof of Diligence:</strong> <em>Cryptoeconomic security for rollups</em></p><p></p><p>Protocol that requires watchtowers to continuously provide a proof that they have verified L2 assertions and get rewarded for the same.</p></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.07241.pdf">https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.07241.pdf</a></td><td><a href="/files/y6Sx93jFM7ilwktraWy3">/files/y6Sx93jFM7ilwktraWy3</a></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Proof of Service:</strong> <em>Two sided measurements</em></td><td><p></p><p>Applying two sided measurements to enable decentralized slicing marketplace and contract-free roaming</p></td><td></td><td><a href="https://conferences.sigcomm.org/hotnets/2022/papers/hotnets22_anand.pdf">https://conferences.sigcomm.org/hotnets/2022/papers/hotnets22_anand.pdf</a></td><td><a href="/files/PaP7uEnAo8kMCQPZFMYo">/files/PaP7uEnAo8kMCQPZFMYo</a></td></tr></tbody></table>